100 Years Young: The Journey to Increasing Human Longevity

Andrew Thompson • April 12, 2024

As a longtime consultant to entrepreneurs and startup founders at Landmark Advisors, not to mention a student of ancient scripture, one of the areas that fascinate and drives my efforts for funding and innovation most, is the prospect of improving human health.


My interests lie both in the arena of increasing longevity as well as improvements to the quality of life of individuals as they occupy planet earth, and I see these two goals marching forward together rather than in conflict, at least most of the time. In this article, my focus lies more directly on longevity, as it provides a more objective target and there is more historical data from which we can discern what can be done to continue the progression. In the future though, I will dive into topics that address quality of life ("QofL") factors on their own terms, as I find this equally fascinating and of general concern to the human population at large.


There are many ways to consider the possibility frontier, history and the hope for human longevity. Because our earliest recordings of human lifespan come from the ancient texts of the Hebrew scriptures, those texts are a great place to start.


From Ancient Times to the Present

This article is meant to encourage greater entrepreneurial thought around medical advancement and the capacity of for people to live their lives more abundantly, and not meant as an apologetic of Christian or Judaic faith, but as a good frame of reference for this discussion, it's helpful to consider that the patriarchs of the book of Genesis were said to have had very long lifespans compared with today, and then wihin several generations of the longest lifespans ever recorded few, if any people were living beyond the age of 100 years.


Today, we see more people living beyond the age of 100 than at any time since teh earliest recorded human histories, but again, almost none are living beyond 120.


Nonetheless, the prophets of the Old Testament found reason to believe that this would not always be the case, and the prophet Isaiah, in particular, didn't hesitate to proclaim what he foresaw for the future of human longevity.


Interpreting Isaiah 65:20

In the Bible, Isaiah 65:20 mentions people living to be "100 years old," a verse often interpreted symbolically by Christian scholars as a sign of blessings and abundance, but not a literal increase in longevity. Hank Hanegraaff, a prominent Christian apologist, has discussed this verse in the context of biblical prophecy and its symbolic representation of a blessed and fulfilling life.


It is difficult to find respected scholars who view this passage as meant to have a literal application, on the other hand, some who interpret it more figuratively seem to suggest that it foreshadows improving life expectancies and better health.


In order to resolve an inherent contradiction in this passage, one must either conclude that there is an incremental progression of longevity as the cosmos approaches the new heavens and new earth (the "Whole of Scripture"), or that within the new heavens and new earth, there are people who still die, even if at a hundred years of age (the "Sudden Change").


In the context of Bible scholarship, the latter seems to make no sense. There is a near universal acceptance in the interpretation of the Bible that once the new heavens and earth are fully consummated, there shall or at least maybe a final judgment, but whatever death will occur at that time, the process of aging and death thereafter, will cease. "The last enemy to be defeated is death", etc.


This is important because it creates a promise from the ancient scriptures that, understood from the Whole of Scripture, prophesies precisely what has been occurring in the last hundred years of human existence.


Revisiting the Genesis Genealogies

The genealogies in the book of Genesis, including Methuselah's 969 years, are subject to many different interpretations. Scholars like Dr. Elizabeth Johnson, who favors a symbolic approach to understanding the ages of Bibe patriarchs, suggest these ages may represent the importance of individuals rather than their literal lifespans, however, there is little evidence of how that importance would have been discerned over and against a description of the actual life span thought to be known for each of the patriarchs.


Some scholars do debate, however, debate the reasons for a pattern of decreasing life expectancies in Old Testament times. Factors like environmental changes, dietary shifts, and genetic influences could have contributed to variations in lifespans over generations. The general theological supposition about this pattern is that sin had an impact over time that eventually settled in and hit a natural bottoming out, according to God's providence.


Historical Stagnation in Life Expectancy

Throughout history, factors like infectious diseases, limited medical knowledge, poor nutrition, and high infant mortality rates contributed to stagnant life expectancy, highlighting the challenges of the past.


Infectious Diseases: Infectious diseases have historically been a significant contributor to mortality and reduced life expectancy. Documentation from sources like historical medical records, epidemiological studies, and anthropological research showcases the impact of diseases like tuberculosis, smallpox, cholera, and influenza on population health and life expectancy. Research studies provide insights into how diseases shaped human populations and life expectancy over time.


Limited Medical Knowledge: Limited medical knowledge in earlier centuries meant that many illnesses and conditions were poorly understood and often untreated. This lack of medical understanding led to higher mortality rates and shorter life expectancies. Historical documents, medical journals, and scholarly articles on the history of medicine offer documentation of the evolution of medical knowledge and its impact on improving life expectancy.


Poor Nutrition: Poor nutrition, including inadequate access to nutritious food, deficiencies in essential nutrients, and periods of famine or food scarcity, has been a significant factor in reduced life expectancy. Published studies highlight the link between nutrition and health outcomes throughout history.


High Infant Mortality Rates: High infant mortality rates, often due to factors like infections, lack of prenatal care, and poor sanitation, have historically contributed to lower life expectancies. Historical demographic data, mortality records, and studies on child health and survival rates provide evidence of the impact of infant mortality on overall life expectancy averages.


By examining historical data, medical literature, and demographic studies, we can gain a comprehensive understanding of how factors such as infectious diseases, limited medical knowledge, poor nutrition, and high infant mortality rates have historically influenced life expectancy trends.


Revolutionizing Life Expectancy in the 20th Century

Advancements in medical technology, sanitation, clean water access, the use of antibiotics and improved nutrition led to a dramatic rise in life expectancies globally during the 20th century.


For most of human history, it’s been estimated that global life expectancy at birth has bounced between 20 and 30 years. Beginning approximately in the year 1820, global life expectancy started its exponential ascent, seeing its most impressive gains after 1950 as modern sanitation and medical advancements began to trickle down to developing nations.


Navigating 21st Century Challenges

Despite progress, the 21st century faces obstacles such as antimicrobial resistance, rising chronic diseases, healthcare disparities, environmental issues, and global pandemics, impacting life expectancy improvements. During the pandemic, the US saw declining life expectancies for consecutive years, 2020 and 2021, while making a comeback in 2022. It's too early to conclude that this, while directly, is simply a result of the pandemic, or if a reduction was more predictable regardless of the pandemic itself.


The two biggest issues connected with longer term trends toward a decrease in life expectancy, however, appear to be mental health and chronic disease, especially diabetes, heart disease and cancer. If you consider mental health to be one of many forms of chronic disease, then every factor contributing to decreasing life expectancies is related to chronic disease. By focusing efforts at improvements in treatment, and most importantly, prevention of these conditions, there is a high probability we can eliminate the negative pressure on life expectancies and return to a long term trajectory of increased life expectancy.


Promising Developments for Increased Longevity

Exciting advancements in medical technologies, genetics, nutrition research, and healthcare infrastructure, especially in developing nations, provide optimism for extending human life expectancies. We will be developing a series of articles addressing significant innovations that continue to impact both longevity and quality of life as we continue adding content on this subject.

There are other remarkable achievements in healthcare: breakthroughs in cancer treatments, cardiovascular disease management, and medical device technology that far exceeds earlier capabilities in all of these areas. All of these advancements in care and prevention have contributed significantly to longer and healthier lives, particularly in regions like Asia and even on the continent of Africa.


Anticipating the Future

The next 25 year period holds great promise with ongoing medical research, preventive healthcare emphasis, global healthcare accessibility improvements, and efforts to address environmental and social health determinants, potentially extending human life expectancies further.


We predict that by 2050, the US will have a life expectancy at birth of between 80-85 years, and that longevity increases in other parts of the world will be even greater than they will be here, more than 10%, for example, in Africa, Latin America and parts of Asia.


Conclusion: A Bright Outlook

The journey of human longevity reflects a blend of interpretations, scientific advancements, and societal progress. While challenges persist, the trajectory toward longer, healthier lives offers hope for a brighter future, both literally and symbolically.


For more information or to discuss scaling an innovative health technology, please contact Landmark Advisors to get started.

October 24, 2026
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October 16, 2026
If you or someone you care about has ever faced criminal charges, you already know the potentially crushing weight of the justice system. The anxiety is paralyzing. The uncertainty about your freedom, your job, and your family’s future can make you desperate for a way out. In that moment of profound vulnerability, the prosecution will at some point try to slide a piece of paper your way using your attorney as the messenger: the plea offer. It may look like a life raft. It promises certainty. It offers at least a bit of a known outcome instead of the terrifying spectre of a trial. You sign your name, the judge walks you through a plea “colloquy”, determines his agreement, gives you your final sentence, then gavels the case closed, and you finally take your first deep breath in months. But fast forward a year, or five years, or ten. For a staggering number of people, that initial wave of relief inevitably curdles into deep, immovable regret. Because when you sign a plea agreement, you are not just accepting a guilty plea; you are accepting an outcome that may still be left to the judge’s discretion, and a permanent redefinition of your life. Before you put your pen to that paper, you need to be absolutely, undeniably sure you’re doing the right thing for you - today and in the future. The Conveyor Belt of Justice The reality of the modern American criminal justice system is not found in dramatic courtroom speeches or surprise witnesses. It is found in conference rooms and crowded hallways where futures are bartered away in minutes. Recently, the United States Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision in Hunter v. United States (June 2026), a case that pulled the curtain back on just how coercive agreements have sometimes become. In his concurring opinion, Justice Neil Gorsuch—joined by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Ketanji Brown Jackson—delivered a searing indictment of the modern system. “In our times, the jury trial has given way to a conveyor belt of plea bargains,” he wrote. He is exactly right. The system is no longer designed to test the government’s evidence; it is designed to process human beings as efficiently as possible. In Hunter , the defendant was indicted on charges that threatened him with up to 300 years in prison, as if he could live that long, and a $10 million fine. Faced with that apocalyptic scenario, he did what the overwhelming majority of defendants do: he took a bargain. He agreed to plead guilty to a single count involving roughly $38,000, and critically, he signed a waiver giving up his right to appeal. But the "conveyor belt" is not designed to be fair. Despite pleading to the $38,000 amount, the judge sentenced him based on uncharged conduct to repay a total of nearly $500,000, drastically increasing his prison time to 51 months. Because he had signed an appeal waiver, the government argued he had no right to fight back, even if the sentence was fundamentally flawed. While the Supreme Court ruled that an appeal waiver cannot be enforced if it results in a "miscarriage of justice", it made the holding very, very narrow and difficult for the typical defendant to use. The bigger lesson is chilling. Prosecutors routinely overcharge, stacking indictments so high that even an innocent person might be terrified into taking a plea just to avoid the risk of spending the rest of their life in a cage. Even then, they may find that a judge enters a sentence for a far longer period than they even thought possible. The conveyor belt is constantly moving, and the pressure to step onto it is immense. The Hidden Costs to the Prime of Your Life If you are between the ages of 18 and 45, you are in the critical building phase of your adult life. This is the window where you establish your career, buy a home, start a family, and build your financial foundation. A criminal conviction is a wrecking ball to every single one of those pillars. When you enter a plea agreement in court, the judge will tell you about the direct consequences: the probation, the fines, or the jail time. Sadly, many times these terms are more than what you anticipated when you signed the plea because the prosecution is skilled and artful at building in discretion for the judge to make your sentence worse than you expected. But if you can imagine there is something even worse, the reality is that what they do not spend hours explaining are the collateral consequences—the invisible chains that you will wear long after your formal sentence is complete. You might lose professional licensing. If you are a nurse, a teacher, a financial advisor, or a commercial driver, your career could evaporate the minute the plea is entered and you are guilty of a crime. Background checks have become universally standard; a felony or a crime of dishonesty on your record will immediately disqualify you from countless job opportunities, effectively capping your earning potential for decades. Housing applications get rejected. Your credit can be impacted. If you are not a U.S. citizen, a seemingly minor plea deal can trigger immediate deportation proceedings, tearing you away from your family. We see this all the time. Someone accepts a plea deal because they just wanted to avoid jail and "get it over with." Three years later, they are clean, sober, and trying to advance their career, only to hit a brick wall every time a background check is run. They realize, too late, that the quick fix was a permanent trap. They traded temporary peace of mind for a lifetime of closed doors. The Danger of the Willing Lawyer Perhaps the most tragic part of the "conveyor belt" is that some defense attorneys are all too willing to help operate it. It is an uncomfortable truth in the legal profession, but it needs to be said: a plea deal is easy. It requires less paperwork, less preparation, and less conflict. And to the client, it often seems like an easy way out at the time as well. When you hire a lawyer, you are entrusting that person, literally, with your life. But if your lawyer’s first instinct is to immediately ask the prosecutor for a deal, you are in danger. A lawyer who operates strictly as a plea negotiator is not defending you; they are simply facilitating your surrender - when the opportunity is always there to fight for your rights. Pleas are entered frequently when defendants feel pressured by their own counsel. The lawyer points out the towering stack of charges—just as in the Hunter case—and tells the client that a trial is very risky. While it is a lawyer’s duty to provide an honest assessment of risk, it is also his job to fight. If the government cannot prove its case, or if the police violated your constitutional rights to obtain their evidence, riding on the conveyor belt is a tragedy. You need a defense that pushes back against the machinery, not one that greases the wheels. Serious charges deserve a defense that starts with planning for the outcome you desire. You may be able to get that - you may not. Either way, you deserve the best effort toward that end. If your goal is a negotiated resolution, we will pursue that with aggressive care, but even then, our focus remains on ensuring that your rights are protected and that you are not strong-armed into signing away your future. And if a plea is not your intent, we come to the case with a very different posture. We prepare to seek a dismissal. We prepare to take the case to a jury trial. We prepare to hold the government to its heavy burden of proof, exposing reasonable doubt wherever it exists, and giving you your life back intact. We understand the stakes. We know that your liberty, your clean record, and your ability to build a life at whatever stage you are now, is on the line. We cannot guarantee a specific result—no honest lawyer can—but we can guarantee that we will zealously advocate for your rights in the manner you choose to pursue them. Take Control of Your Future If you are facing a serious criminal charge, do not let panic dictate your future. Do not sign a plea agreement just because the system makes it convenient. Once that signature is on the page and the judgment is entered, unwinding a bad deal through post-conviction relief or an appeal is monumentally difficult. Remember that - once the plea is entered, you can’t undo it. Take a deep breath, step back and think clearly. Then speak to an experienced criminal defense attorney who is prepared to fight for the life you want to keep. If you want a defense team that plans a strategy built on your goals, contact Landmark Legal Services. Call us at (317) 360-5174 or request a case evaluation now. Let’s talk about the real options for your future, before you sign it away.
By Admin • March 22, 2025
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